Gasoline treating is a vital part of the modernized refinery operation. The gasoline treater includes treating facilities for Light Straight Run (LSR) Naphtha along with Potassium Cresylate tr...
Refinery's unit that produces hydrogen for use as a feed stock (natural gas, refinery offgas, liquefied petroleum gas or naphtha) in other processing units in the facility. Gaseous hydroc...
Case Study: A renewable energy plant converting 1000 TPD (dry) urban green waste can generate 600 BPD of Fischer-Tropsch fuels and 16.5 MW of export electricity to yield 466 bbl/day of "...
The heating media used in the drying and conditioning of green waste is flue gas from the fluid bed combustor, supplemented by 400# steam. The dryer equipment includes an Selective Catalytic R...
Fischer-Tropsch 's high purity hydrogen required for the Unionfining Unit and Unicracking Unit is supplied by a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system. The hydrogen requirement is met ...
Light Fischer-Tropsch Liquid (LFTL) and Wax Hydrocarbon are processed in the Product Upgrading Unit. Product upgrading includes a Unionfining Process Unit and a Unicracking Process Unit. Unio...
Electricity produced by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process are generated by generators. Key components of the power generation of the renewable energy consist of a boiler, gas turbine generator, H...
Oct. 21, 2020
The main objective of the Hydrotreater is to achieve 78% weight removal of organic nitrogen compounds in the gas oil feed stock. In addition to nitrogen removal, the Hydrotreater removes appro...
Calculate the required time to get a shut-in test on gas transmission lines, and approximate a maximum acceptable pressure loss for new gas lines These two rules may prove helpful for air or ...
Oct. 12, 2020
Catalytic Hydrosulfurization is used to improve the quality of light distillates by removing sulfur compounds. The feed stock contains sour distillates from the crude tower. The feed is vapori...
The purpose of gas processing is to remove the heavier hydrocarbons from process gases, to stabilize light naphtha by removing the gaseous hydrocarbons from it, and then to separate the refine...
Polyethylene (PE) is the most commonly applied liner material and one of the most widely produced plastics in the world (tens of millions of tons are produced worldwide each year). PE liners s...
The approximate amount of gas (cubic feet of gas) in standard conditions in 1000 feet of pipeline can be calculated using the following formula. Amount of Gas (ft 3 ) = d 2 * P * 0.372 Whe...
Table below summarizes the available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure ( Cp ), vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surfac...
A pipeline collects, conducts and discharges electric current of high voltage direct current (HVDC) origin as a result of the electric field established by the DC current transmitted through...
The purpose of this document is to describe the design philosophy for the flare, vent, relief, and blowdown systems. This philosophy helps to establish the design basis for each of these syste...
This document suggests the minimum requirements for the selection and installation of mechanical isolation devices such as isolation valves, spades, spectacle blinds, removable spool pieces, d...
Passive Fire Protection focuses on the protection of structures in the process areas and outlines the general requirements for passive fire protection and active fire protection of structu...
The term “Fire Protection” as used herein includes active and passive fire protection . This section, Active Fire Protection outlines the intended use of active (water and/or foam) systems...
Determining current requirements for coated lines including when pipe-to-soil potential values are estimated To determining current requirements for coated lines: Start survey along the li...
A quick and surprisingly accurate method of determining liquid discharge from an open ended horizontal pipe makes use of the formula: GPM = (2.56 * X * d 2 ) / Y 1/2 Where: GPM = gallons ...
Portable Utility Hoses used in the energy industry to transfer air, water, steam, condensate, and nitrogen are often subject to heavy usage. If hoses are not properly maintained, safety incide...
Handling of energized tracers involves electrical and thermal hazards While performing mechanical maintenance, a contractor received an electric shock while handling an energized self-limit...
Associated Gas — Associated Gas is found in reservoir where gas is dissolved in crude oil (solution gas) and in some cases also in contact with underlying gas-saturated crude (gas-cap gas). ...
To calculate the leakage in MMcf (Million Cubic Feet) per year at a base pressure of 14.4 psia and a temperature of 60°F, take as a basis a one mile section of gas line under one hour test. U...
Reflects the capacity to pipe size relationship when L (length), P1 (inlet pressure) and P2 (outlet pressure) are constant.
The basic technique is the same as " trouble shooting cathodic protection systems: rectifier-ground bed "; more measurements are required, because of the multiplicity of drain points...
When the monitor, or a pipe-to-soil potential survey, indicates inadequacy of protection, the first place to look is at the protective unit. The current output of the rectifier should be check...
March 23, 2020 • Tadd Pham
Each valve type has various design details that differ based on manufacturer. The following provides a brief description on types and uses of manual valves in the industry. Ball Valve ...
The main consideration for introducing reflux or intermediate feed into a packed tower is adequately distributing the incoming stream to the packing. Unlike most tray columns, packed towers ar...
Any liquid distributor gives some mal-distribution, because for practical reasons, liquid can only be divided into a limited number of streams. From these point sources the liquid spreads. The main ...
Perforated-pipe distributors are normally of the ladder type (spider pipe) or the perforated-ring type. Perforations are located on the underside of the pipes. The ladder type is usually easie...
Spray distributors are pipe headers with spray nozzles fitted on the underside of the pipes. They are most popular in heat transfer and scrubbing services and are infrequently used in fraction...
Jan. 22, 2020
Guidelines for introducing liquid into parting boxes and distributor pan. In most small columns (<3 to 4 ft in diameter), the inlet pipe directly feeds the distributor pan (or trough). In ...
Orifice Steam Traps are thermostatic steam traps actuated by temperature sensitive devices, responding to changes in condensate temperature. Thermostatic steam traps respond to changes in...
Liquid or Solid Expansion Steam Traps (Wax Capsule Steam Trap) are thermostatic steam traps actuated by temperature sensitive devices, responding to changes in condensate temperature. Therm...
Bellows Steam Traps are thermostatic steam traps actuated by temperature sensitive devices, responding to changes in condensate temperature. Thermostatic steam traps respond to changes in...
Bimetallic Steam Traps are thermostatic steam traps actuated by temperature sensitive devices, responding to changes in condensate temperature. Thermostatic steam traps respond to changes...
Open Bucket Steam Traps are mechanical steam traps actuated by a float responding to changes in condensate level. Mechanical steam traps are density detectors and therefore also have diff...
Inverted Bucket Steam Traps are mechanical steam traps actuated by a float responding to changes in condensate level. Mechanical steam traps are density detectors and therefore also have ...
Closed Float Steam Traps are mechanical steam traps actuated by a float responding to changes in condensate level. Mechanical steam traps are density detectors and therefore also have dif...
Lever steam traps are in the thermodynamic trap category that are actuated by the principles of thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Thermodynamic steam traps are phase detectors in that th...
Piston steam traps are in the thermodynamic trap category that are actuated by the principles of thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Thermodynamic steam traps are phase detectors in that t...
Disc steam traps are in the thermodynamic trap category that are actuated by the principles of thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Thermodynamic steam traps are phase detectors in that the...
This specification discusses pressure vessel engineering and design in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1. This specification in combination wi...
This specification discusses pressure vessels' fabrication process and technique in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1. This specification...
This specification discusses pressure vessels' Inspection, Testing, Painting, Marking, Preparation for Shipping and Storage in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Se...
Nodular Iron, Cast Iron, Aluminum, and Copper Based Alloy Valves Nodular (ductile) iron valves, either austenitic or ferritic, should only be used within the limits of ASME B31.3 provided th...
Prevention of Chloride stress corrosion cracking [CSCC] in austenitic stainless steel material for closed loop water/glycol mixture are as follows: Elimination of oxygen is an effective me...
Some important sources for phase equilibrium data are: Dechema Chemistry Data Series: several volumes on VLE, LLE, gas solubility, heat of mixing, azeotropes of many binary mixtures as well...
• ES Staff
The lubricator valve for the subsea test tree is a surface-operated hydraulic valve that is run from one or two joints below the flowhead. It enables the top of the string to be used as a lub...
Single or double valves at a classification change should be suitable for the more severe line classification on either side of the valve(s) location. At a line classification break, a single ...
• ES_Staff
A weighted spray was developed to form a unique spray pattern that holds very constant velocity and consistent spray pattern regardless of flow, therefore, overcoming turndown problems in othe...
The crude unit physically separates the crude oil charge into fractions of specific boiling ranges by distillation and steam stripping. These fractions undergo further processing before being ...
When starting to study Piping Stress Analysis, each piping line should be explored based on critical features such as fluid service, pipe size, pipe material, design parameters and loading con...
SUMMARY Flowline/Pipeline Thermal/Pressure Expansion can be developed for submarine pipelines (both single pipe and Pipe-in-pipe) expansion assessments due to pressure and temperature, ref...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements for the surface preparation, application and inspection of thermal sprayed aluminum (TSA) coatings to subsea structures (e.g., ...
Interpretation of Test Results Sample Color Pure glycol is water clear. With use, however, the glycol solution can become discolored. Generally this discoloration can be attributed to one o...
Table below gives the relative permittivity ε or the dielectric constant of some common gases at a temperature of 68°F (or 20 °C) and pressure of one atmosphere. Values of the permanent dipole momen...
Acid gas treating, also known as gas sweetening and sour gas treating, refers to a group of processes that use various aqueous solvents such as Amines, Hot Potassium Carbonate, Sodium Hydroxid...
PURPOSE As part of any Pre-FEED or FEED studies, the configuration of the subsea distribution equipment should be defined in the final specification for the controls equipment. In order to...
If the difference in the calculated diameter between the top and bottom section exceeds 20 percent, different diameters for the top and bottom sections are likely to be economical. Reference:...
All materials removed from the sites/facilities should be required to be loaded on a material barge for transportation to an onshore facility. Grillage beam mats should be required to support...
Purpose To create a seal, gasket has to fill up the voids in the flange surface present because of surface finish and any flange rotation (or relative distortion) between the two surfaces. T...
Safety considerations and requirements for equipment retired from service but not removed and left abandoned in place. Equipment that is being retired from service must be isolated from opera...
This article describes the equipment and guidelines used for the detection of leaks. Air or Nitrogen can be used as the detection medium. This document should be used when new piping/equipment...
This confined space training aims to help refreshing memory and provides guidance to protect personnel from hazards of confined space entry. It outlines a systematic approach to identifying, e...
Article details the physical properties of mono ethylene glycol (MEG), di-ethylene glycol (DEG), tri-ethylene glycol (TEG), and tetra-ethylene glycol (TREG); along with the Toxicity and Flamma...
All work should be performed per the requirements of the latest version of ASME Section VIII Div. 1, API-510 and any/all applicable “your client” standards/specifications. Note: all Section...
Substitution means the replacement of a hazardous material or process with an alternative which reduces or eliminates the hazard. Process engineers/designers, operations managers, and plant te...
Moderation Principle of Inherently Safer Design
Moderation means using materials under less hazardous conditions, also called attenuation. Moderation of conditions can be accomplished by strategies which are either physical (lower temperatu...
Material Requirements for Carbon Steel Pressure Vessel and its connecting nozzle, piping, internals, external attachments/supports and gauge valves. COMPONENT ...
1. Scope Pressure vessels with wall thickness greater than 1.5" (38 mm) should comply with the additional requirements specified herein, in addition to “ Specification - Pressure Vessels...
1. Scope Clad Pressure vessels should comply with the additional requirements specified herein, in addition to “ Specification - Pressure Vessels ”, for the design and fabrication. 2. Des...
The following specification defines the minimum requirements for design, fabrication, and inspection of fired process heaters (hereinafter referred to as heaters) given in API STD 560, Fired H...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements for design, materials, packing arrangements, and installation and testing requirements for rising-stem and quarter-turn valve s...
This pressure vessel specification discusses general pressure vessel requirements including engineering design , fabrication , inspection, testing, painting, identification and marking, pre...
1. Purpose This document defines the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, and supply of sieve trays and a demister for Glycol Contactor. 2. Scope of Supply Supplier’s scope inc...
1.0 Scope This Specification defines the requirements for manufacturing, testing, inspecting, marking, and shipping of steel line pipe for gas and liquid pipelines for offshore applications...
Offshore welded pipes should meet the requirements of the main body of the specification " Steel Line Pipe for Gas and Liquid Pipelines for Offshore Applications " in addition to thi...
Offshore Pipelines in Gas and Sour Services should meet the requirements of the main body of the specification " Steel Line Pipe for Gas and Liquid Pipelines for Offshore Applications &qu...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements for fiberglass pipe and fittings fabricated by the filament winding, centrifugal casting, and compression/contact molding techn...
Orifice distributors are usually of the pan type or of the tunnel type. The former type is best suited for small-diameter columns (<4 ft), while the latter is used in larger-diameter column...
Pipe roughness related to pipe material at complete turbulent flow, as per Crane appendix A-23. Piping Material ...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements to cover the procurement of an electro hydraulic installation and workover control system (IWOCS) that should be used to instal...
1.0 Scope This specification defines Buyer's minimum requirements for shop and field welding and heat treatment of equipment and fabricated production systems. All works should confor...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements for shop and field fabrication for non-destructive examination, inspection, pressure testing and operational testing of equipme...
1. Scope Marine System Pressure Vessels should comply with the additional requirements specified herein, in addition to “ Specification - Pressure Vessels ”, for the design and fabrication....
When checking an instrument diagram, the subject matter to be considered may be broken down into categories. The responsibility of the checker varies for each of these categories. Listed below...
General guidelines for packed tower liquid distributor design, selection, construction, and operation are presented. A liquid distributor (or redistributor) should be used in any locatio...
1. Scope Stainless Steel Pressure Vessels should comply with additional requirements specified herein, in addition to “ Specification - Pressure Vessels ”. 2. Materials Stainless steel head...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements to cover the selection, design, application, and inspection of glass reinforced plastic (GRP) linings to the bottoms of storage...
1. INTRODUCTION This specification defines the minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, assembly, testing, painting, and inspection of the Pig Receivers that are to be ins...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the procedures and materials required for the surface preparation, coating application, inspection, and touch-up of the specified structure, process pip...
1.0 Scope This specification defines the minimum requirements to cover the materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing of plastic and plastic-lined piping. It covers thermoplast...
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview This document provides the requirements for testing and commissioning of the umbilicals and subsea production controls system. 1.2 Documentation The fo...
1. General When real estate is scare and where piping and pipe supporting structures are routed close to equipment, piping should be arranged such that full access is provided for maintenan...