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Credit factors for insulation in determining the minimum Pressure Relief valve sizes for fire exposure should be as per API RP 521 with following additional guidelines:Credit can be taken for the insulation systems on steel vessels and vessels constructed of low melting point material, such as aluminum, when the insulation …
What are the Adjust and recycle logical operations?Adjust and recycle logical operations are examples of iterative calculation routines. That is, these operations take an initial guess and run the calculation with that guess. The result is compared against a target value, and if it matches within tolerance limits, the calculation …
A look at quality assurance beyond existing Industry Standards and typical Quality Assurance Programs, regarding the installation and fabrication of construction materials in "highly toxic and hazard" chemical service.The "highly toxic and hazard" chemicals procedure includes a careful and thorough process includes the following:100% X-Ray of all welds where feasible.100% …
Jan. 25, 2020
The following are considerations associated with steam systems that have special significance for the steam trap user and designer alike. While these are common problems, their adverse effects can be minimized by good planning and equipment selection.Water HammerCondensate will always collect in the low points of a steam system unless …
Jan. 18, 2020
High energy electrical systems have the potential to cause serious injury with shock and flash hazards and significant equipment damage. During racking, stabbing, and switching of high energy electrical systems, the potential hazards are greater than at other times. This guideline defines safety considerations and requirements to minimize the risk …
Nov. 18, 2019
Recommended sound (noise) pressure control level for offshore facilities according to industry standards.FlaresDuring Normal Operation (no significant flaring), the maximum sound level of the flares should not exceed 85 dBA at grade level.During Emergency condition, Start-up or Shut-down, the maximum sound level of the flares should not exceed 115 dBA …
Nov. 6, 2019
This following case supports the need to provide a permanent record to document controller settings/configuration for programmable heating controllers in a manner that can be easily used. Lock-out of unauthorized changes needs to be assured, and configuration should be checked as part of circuit maintenance.A damaged self-limiting cable in combination …
Oct. 25, 2019
This lesson learned reveals that the arcing between the bus and the metallic braid across the Fluoropolymer jacket was sustained for some period of time. The fault current was sufficient to generate temperatures well above the temperature limit of the heating cable insulation but not sufficient to trip the circuit …
Oct. 18, 2019
The Work Permit is designed to ensure full communication takes place between the area(s) involved, the owner of the affected equipment, and individual(s) performing the work so that hazardous work, and non hazardous work, is performed safely and efficiently.A Work Permit authorizes hazardous or potentially hazardous work.The Work Permit provides …
Oct. 14, 2019
The following lessons learned is an example of an industry loss study that determined that instruments in critical service should require routine maintenance and be provided with regular monitoring.Freeze-up of field-traced instrument in critical service for steam boiler drum level resulted in error to boiler controls which caused a boiler …
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Prevention of Chloride stress corrosion cracking [CSCC] in austenitic stainless steel material for closed loop water/glycol mixture are as follows:Elimination of oxygen is an effective measure to prevent CSCC in …
Some important sources for phase equilibrium data are:Dechema Chemistry Data Series: several volumes on VLE, LLE, gas solubility, heat of mixing, azeotropes of many binary mixtures as well as some …
The lubricator valve for the subsea test tree is a surface-operated hydraulic valve that is run from one or two joints below the flowhead. It enables the top of the …
Acid gas treating, also known as gas sweetening and sour gas treating, refers to a group of processes that use various aqueous solvents such as Amines, Hot Potassium Carbonate, Sodium …
Single or double valves at a classification change should be suitable for the more severe line classification on either side of the valve(s) location. At a line classification break, a …
Interpretation of Test ResultsSample ColorPure glycol is water clear. With use, however, the glycol solution can become discolored. Generally this discoloration can be attributed to one or more of the …
A weighted spray was developed to form a unique spray pattern that holds very constant velocity and consistent spray pattern regardless of flow, therefore, overcoming turndown problems in other spray …
When starting to study Piping Stress Analysis, each piping line should be explored based on critical features such as fluid service, pipe size, pipe material, design parameters and loading conditions, …
This article provides recommendations on fused switches in a MCC for short circuit protection of motor and feeder branch circuits.The Electrical Engineer selecting the appropriate device should understand what the …